When does the Middle and Late Byzantine period occur?

The Middle and Late Byzantine period is defined as occurring from 843 to 1453. This period is characterized by significant developments in Byzantine art, architecture, and culture, as well as substantial political and religious changes. The year 843 marks the end of the Byzantine Iconoclasm, a contentious phase during which the use of religious images was heavily debated and often banned. The restoration of the use of icons led to a flourishing of artistic expression, evident in the development of more elaborate and expressive artwork.

During this time, Byzantine art is noted for its iconic style, gold backgrounds, and increased use of mosaic and fresco in churches, reflecting both religious themes and the Byzantine Empire's influence on surrounding regions. The period continues until 1453, when Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks, marking the end of the Byzantine Empire. The advancements in Byzantine art during this time also set the stage for influences on the Renaissance in Western Europe and the artistic traditions of Eastern Orthodox countries.